THE GIFT OF LOVE

The passengers on the bus watched sympathetically as the attractive young women with the white cane made her way carefully up the steps. She paid the driver and, using her hands to feel the location of the seats, found the seat he'd told her was empty. It had been a year since Kaya, thirty-four, became blind. Once a fiercely independent women, kaya now felt condemned by this terrible twist of fate to become a helpless burden on every one around her. Just getting through each day was an exercise in frustration and exhaustion. And all she had to cling to was her husband Reenik. Reenik was Air Force officer and he loved Kaya with all of his heart. When she first lost her sight, he watched her sink in to despair and was determined to help his wife gain the strength and confidence she needed to become independent again. Reenik's military background had trained him well to deal with sensitive situations, and yet he knew this was the most difficult battle he would ever face. Finally, Kaya felt ready to retun to her job, but how would she get there? She used to take the bus, but was now too frighetend to get around the city by herself. Reenik volunteeted to drive her to work each day, but soon realized that this arrangement wasn't working. But just the thought of mentioning it to her made him cringe. Just as Reenik predicted, kaya was horrified at the idea of taiking the bus again. I'm blind!" she responded bitterly. "How am i supposed to know where i'm going? I feel like you're abandoning me". Reenik's heart broke to hear these words but he knew what had to be done. He promised Kaya that each morning and evening he would ride the bus with her, for as long as it took, untile she got the hange of it. For two solid weeks, he accompanied Kaya to and from work each day. He taught her how to rely on her others senses, specificially her hearing, to adapt to her new environment. Each morning they made the journey together, and Reenik would take a cab back to his office. Althought this routine was even more costly and exhausting than the previous one it was worth it. Finally, Kaya decided that she was ready to try the trip on her own. Monday morning arrived, and before she left she threw her arms around Reenik, her temporary bus riding companion, her husband, and her best friend. Her eyes filled with tears of gratitude for his loyalty, his patience, his love Kaya had never felt beeter. She was going to work all bye herself! On Friday morning, Kaya took the bus to work as usual. As she was paying for her fare to exit the bus, the driver said,"Boy i sure envy you." Curious she asked "why do you say that?" The driver responded, "it must feel so good to be taken care of and protected like you are." Kaya had no idea what the driver was talking about, and asked again, " What do you mean?" The driver answered, "you know, every morning for the past week, a gentlemena in a military uniform has been standing across the corner watching you when you get off the bus. He makes sure you cross the street safely and he watches you until you enter your office building. Then he blows you a kiss, gives you a little salute and walks away. You are one lucky lady." Tears of happiness poured down Kaya's cheeks. She was lucky, so lucky for he had given her a gift more powerful than sight, a gift she didn't need to see to belive. THE GIFT OF LOVE that can bring light where there had been darkness. Beauty is not caused. It is.(E. Dickinson)

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CHOCOHOLICS DELIGHT

Chocolate is eternally associated with romance, and for good reason. Both Mayans and Aztecs adopted it as aphrodisiac over 1,500 years ago, believing that it gave men stamina and made women less inhibited(Temperar Montezuma; who had a 600 strong harem, glugged 50 golden globlets of chocolate a day to enhance his sexual power). Now wonder that, when Spanish conquistador introduced chocolate to Europe and beyond, its reputation as the food of passion gathered pace. Casano called hot chocolate" The elixir of love" and consumed vast quantities of it before frolicking with his conquest. Napoleon was also a big far. Why he drant so much chocolate, he replied" to start with, it's just good". Florence Nightingale and others from poets to presidents, also believed chocolate to be an essential ingredient of health care and there are some scientific evidence to support this. Beside from its energy giving properties chocolate contains two mood-lifting agents, rather uncomantically known as phenylethyline and serotonine, both of which occur naturally in the human brain and are released in to the nervous system when we are happy or feeling amorous. It's no surprise that women are believed to be more susceptible to the effects of these chemicals than men, which may be why they tend to be greatest lover of chocolate. Anyone looking forward to a large box of silky seductive, smooth and sensual chocolate this Valentine's Day will appreciate the following story about a man who found a magic lamp. Granted one wish by a genie, he asked to be made to all women... The genie turned him in to a box of chocolates. Nothing unite people like chocolate. Whether sharing a bag of maltase, kisses or debating the cost of the perfect Belgian truffle, everyone has their own opinion on the sweet stuff. There are just a few thoughts, from the great and good, on the wonder of chocolate. Biochemically, love is just like eating a large amounts of chocolate.(John, Milton, The Devils). Nine out of ten people like chocolate the tenth person always lies.(John Q Tullius).

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PREDICTIONS THAT MISSED THE MARKE

In 1894, the president of the Royal Society,William Thomson, Lord Kelvin, predicted that radio had no future. The first radio factory was opened five years later. Today, there are more than one billion radio sets in the world, tuned to more than 33000 radio stations around the world. He also predicted that heavier-than-air flying machines were impossible. The Wright Brother's first flight covered a distance equal to only half the length of the wingspan of a Boeing 747. He also said," X-rays will prove to be a hoax." After the invention of the transistor in 1947, several US electronics sompanies rejected the ideas of portable radio. Apparently it was thought nobody would want to carry a radio around. When Bell put the transistor on the market in 1952 they had few takers apart from a small Japanese start-up called Sony. They introduced the transistor radio in 1954. In the 6th century BC Greek mathematician Pythagoras said that earth is round but only few agreed with him. Greek astronomer Aristarchos said in the 3rd century BC that earth revolves around the sun but the idea was not accepted. In the 2nd century BC Greek astronomer Erastosthenes accurately measured the distance around the earth at about 40,000 km but nobody believed him. In the 2nd century AD Greek astronomer ptolemy stated that earth was the center of the universe most people believed him for the next 1,400 years. In the early 20th century a World market for 14 million automobiles were made because "the World would run out of chauffeurs" shortly after the end of World War II(1945), the whole of Volkswagen, factory and patents, was offered free to Henry Ford II. He dismissed the Volkswagen Beetle as a bad design. Today, more than 70 million motorcars are produced every year. The Beetle became on of the best-selling vehicles of all time. The telephone was not widely appreciated for the first 15 years because people did not see a use for it. In fact, in the British parliament, it was mentioned there was no need for telephones because "we have enough messengers hear" Western Union" believed the it could never replace the telegraph. In 1876, an internal memo read: this telephone has too many shortcoming to be seriously considered as a means of communication. Even Marke Twain, upon being invited by Alexander Graham Bell to invest $5,000 in the new invention, could not see a future in the telephone. Irish scientist, Dr Dionysius Lardner didn't believe that trains could contribute much in speedy transport. He wrote."Rail travel at high speed is not possible, because passengers would die of asphyxia. Today, trains reach speeds of 500km/h. In 1894, A.A. Michelson, who with E.W. Miorley seven years earlier experimentally demonstrated the constancy of the speed of light, said that future of science would consist of adding a few decimal places to the results already obtained. Sometimes a few decimal places make a massive difference. In 1943, Thomas Watson, the chairman of IBM forecast, a world market for "may be only five computers." Years before IBM launched the personal computer in 1981, Xerox had already successfully designed and used PCs internally... But decided to concentrate on the production of photocopiers. Euen Klen Olson, founder of Digital Equipment Corporation, said in 1977, "There is no reason anyone could want a computer in their home." perhaps the guy who got it wrong most was the Commissioner of the US office of patents: in 1899, Charles H.Duell, Commissioner, assured President McKinley that"everything that can be invented has been invented."

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THE BLACK BEAUTY NEPALI IN TROUBLE

Everyone,step aside! The 'Black Beast' is here. This is what Jake always said when she entered the classroom. She would then burst in to tears and run to the last seat. Sandra wasn't abnormal but her skin was not as fair as snow whites. In fact, she seemed to be gifted with extra darkness by the god to make her look like a black beauty but it was sad that none in her class and even in the whole school saw her beauty. All they saw was the black part. Sandra wasn't a very intelligent girl, failing in at least two subjects per exam wasn't anything new to her. She did have a lot of interest in ballet and singing but she didn't seem to be an expert in these. Apart all, it is not necessary to be perfect at something that interests us. One day when Sandra was studying "Jane Eyre" at her room, she heard a whisper. It was her mother. "Honey! What can we do if our girl isn't that smart? Of course! We want her to have a future but this is just not the right way to it. She's our only daughter and if she doesn't do good to herself, it doesn't do any good to us either." all of a sudden, Sandra felt a huge pressure on her. Something very strong was trying to make her kneel. She walked towards the mirror, looked at it and felt the tides of words blowing towards her with all their strength. What her mother had said continued to echo within her. She remembered," black beast, know nothing, dull, idiot, stupid, that all i am. That's all!" Tring Tring!",rang the phone. It was Chelsea, her best friend calling her. "Sandra! What you did today was not right. You shouldn't have told the teacher about Jake cheating in the exams. That hurt me as well. Er.....Sandra! I think this is it. You don't seem to follow the norms of our friendship. So, i guess will have to end it here. You see, this friendship of ours, um....may be its time we put an end to it. " Sandra dropped her phone and looked completely frozen. She again started to shade tears but this time, involuntarily. Now it seemed to Sandra that everything was over. She remembered her mother's voice, Jake laughing at her and Chelsea's brutal words. She was now out of her own control and she started wandering about in her room like a furious wolf. She hit herself in her cheeks and hit her head with a bang with the same Jane Eyre. She saw her little teddy at her bed. She tore it apart and threw it away. She looked like a maniac. She then sat by her bed with her both hair and her room messed up. She could hardly figure out how she was feeling. She was disappointed, desperate, exhausted and seemed to have run out of mind. After about fifteen minutes, she calmed herself, got up and walked to the door. On her way, she saw the picture of her cousin Robert. Robert was the topper of his school and was extremely determined to be cardiologist. He had set up an example in the family. Seeing Robert's picture, Sandra again lost her mind and got unconscious. She ran towards the balcony. There she gave a loud scream and cried. She cried and cried and cried for a more than a hour and came back to her room, washed her face and sat back to read Jane Eyre again.

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DNA RECOMBINATION RAGE AGAINST THE TIME

The death of Neel hit every newspaper. Everyone became sad, i became happy because it was a threat to all the technologists working their brain and born upon the DNA. Neel was a sheep, not born by mature but designed artificially with the hands and was made to be born. All called her a great achievement; i called her genetic garbage because she was not independent. Every month, every week, every day she looked upon the eyes filled with curiosity, hands with syringes, always ever-ready to perform any test as if she were an acid and finally she died young where was her liberty, her equality, her freedom to live? It has been so easy to say. Technologist commands manipulate any character you want in any hundred of organism. If it works, that's fine. If not, kill them. And everybody's calling them God. They are not ...Don't call them God, call them plastics. They are not producing the pure, rather polluting the pure. What was the significance of all those medicines, all those treatment? Medicines are just the gateway to commercialism. Medicines are made to make money. If it had concerned with the health of people, why not preach immunity rather than medicine? Why not immunity representative? If immunity is developed there is no need of medicine. It will gradually disappear from the root of this earth. Further, the antibodies, the vaccines, the growth hormone that have been produced represent a feeling of selfishness, a selfishness to live long, if possible even forever. Man is not supreme. The world belongs equally to other organisms as well. So to the people working with the DNA recombination system, you can neither be a controller nor does an operator to control the charisma/chamatkar/heart blowing view of the world have its own freedom to live within the nature. You can neither promise this earth a heaven nor can you keep it out of hell. Let it stand on its own, let it listen to its own heart and follow its own nature. And one day, heaven will itself appear.

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Wow Nepali Women you are not Weak,learn.

Mother of highest no of children Albina of Chile, 55 children until 56 years of Age, twins several times. A lady named Diane Bhrarikat of Australia gave birth to 9 babies in one day. A girl of 9 year of age only named Marahat Arthunduage became mother in columbia of south America. Queen of France, Catherine had only 13 inch of waist. Raymond piane cayer 1624 AD, wife of a French president was kidnapped once by few chimpanzees. A lady of west Germany named Kunzrgiya Sobrat had 9 feet 15 inch of long hair. Pigmy wives in Congo valley of Africa safeguard their husband from other women by imprinting their names on their forehead. King of Polar and Sen, Augustus II lived 63 years and 355 children. Sultan Abdul Hameed II lived 33 years only and 3,000 wives and 500 children. Most Amazingly, at 250 B. C in east china, there was a dictator named Chingshing Huwang who had only 13,140 wives and 2600 children. There were more than 180,400 rooms in his palace. Emperor Salem of India at the age of 8 had 4 wives. SOME FACTS ON LIVING WORLD Baobab is an African tree which can store 1,36,000 liters of water in its trunk. Some of the species of bamboo can grow at the rate of 1m per day up to 30m. Each seed of coco-de-mer palm weighs 20 kg. Sinthillus limbatus is a frog which is 1cm long. Leatherback turtles can grow up to 450 kg. If a Bengal tiger is mated with an African Lioness, it results in to tigon's which do not produce offspring. Wingspan of a bird named Albatross is 12 m across. An average adult orangutan is 1m tall but has a forelimb span of 2.5 m. 50,000 of the cells in your body will die and be replaced with new cells: all while you have been reading this sentence. In one hour, your heart works hard enough to produce the equivalent energy to raise almost one ton of weight one yard off the ground. There are 45 miles of nerves in the skin of human beings. Your stomach has to produce a new layer of mucus every two weeks otherwise it will digest itself. Only human and horses have hymen. Our brain is more complex than the most powerful computer and has over 100 billions nerve cells. A sneeze zooms out of our mouth at over 100 miles per hour. Its impossible to sneeze with your eyes open. When you sneeze all your body function stop, even your heart.

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Free Funny Jokes: Just for laugh,ha ha..

**How's Newton's law applied to man: - First law states," Every student continues in their talk until and unless teacher applied some external force on them". - Second law states," The face of monkey is directly proportional to the man and indirectly proportional to the product of their leg and tail." - Third law states," when someone teases a girl(action) then the girl's sandal kisses the doer (reaction)."** **some ladies, who were determined to put one end to drinking in their colony, went to the house of a retired army officer one evening."when did you last have a drink?" they asked. "1945" replied the officer. "That is very good" remarked the ladies very happily. "so you are a good man now?" " I would call it exactly that," replied the officer, looking at his watch." you see it is only 2015 now."** **A boy was caught stealing a watch from a shop. He was taken to a police station and put in a lock-up. A hardcore criminal showed up and saine,"you are wasting time on small items. Why don't you rob a bank?" The boy replied,"By the time i leave school all banks are closed." ** ** Madan was in class II. He was having his exams. After he finished his English exam, friends asked him how he did. He replied." the exam was good but i didn't know the past tense of think. So, i thought, thought, thought and wrote Thunk.** ** The math teacher saw that little Johnny wasn't paying any attention in class. She called on him and said,"Johnny! What are 4, 2, 28, and 44?"Little Johnny quickly replied,"NBC, CBS, HBO and the cartoon Network!** **A guy walks in a bar and buys a huge beer. Then he sees someone he knows and decides to go and say hi to him, but he doesn't want to drag his beer mug with him. So, he sets it on a table, along with a note "i spit in this beer" hoping that none will steal it then, upon return, he sees another note saying "Me too!".

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Free Funny Jokes: Funny,spice and your mouth water

Fun with Applications An employee applied for leave:" since i have to go to my village to sell my land along with my wife, please sanction me one week leave." LEAVE LETTER FOR PERFORMING DAUGHTER'S WEDDING:"As i am marrying my daughter please grant a week leave" ANOTHER LEAVE LETTER "As my mother-in-law has expired and after all i am only responsible for it, please grant me 10 days leave" LEAVE LETTER TO HEADMASTER: As i am studying in this school, i am suffering from headache. I request you to leave me today. APPLICATION TO BOSE My wife is suffering from sickness and there is no one to take care. As i am her only husband at home. I may please be granted leave for today. A PRAYER TO GOD Be there with me as the sun rays are passing through my eyes. Be there with me where the tides are with the ocean. Hold my hand and guide me through. Hand my hand and never let me go through the wrong way. Your blessings in disguise are very hard to believe. Your love and affection that come to us are all so true. You are the one who resides in all our heart. You are the soul from which we cannot be apart. Forgive us for the troubles we give you. Forgive us for the mistake which we do. Be there with me as i am alone. MATHEMATICAL LOVE LETTER: Dear statistics, with the theorems of love, i have measured you from each angle. You are my congruent triangle. I had 32 teeth before but your brother subtracted to 31 and one is the only remainder. But you don't worry will multiply your brother by zero and take him out of way. I can prove that i love you by the pythagoras theorem. Life is full of formulae and rules. You had rationalized me but i hope that you will understand my trigonometric ratios. With lots of focus your crazy lover cocus.

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I Cry around the streets

I ponder throughout the World with my two little eyes and what i see is only the wall of Differences. Differences in what case? It's just a smile, happiness in one's face and tears, sorrows in the other. Truly, i'm very emotional person. I can't ignore the pains of human life. Who don't want to live his/her life with a complete satisfaction? I assume that 99.9% people want to have standard life and there are very few of them who want to sacrifice their life for others. When i come out of my happy life and see around, i see the sorrows of people hovering round them. I get hopeless and even stunned thinking that why is it so? Why is it so that one is enjoying the Chicken Roast and the other is dying to eat even the Thrown bone? When one is fully satisfied, he/she is happy but what about those who is still searching source of happiness? I see children begging for a rupee at the street, helpless people joining their hands for food, helpless mother cursing herself for not be able to feed her child, instead of pens and books children are seen with selling materials, so that they can earn a little and buy food. This is very miserable. Those children who sell the products hope for money, but what if they can't sell as they have hoped? What will they eat? How will they survive? These questions plays inside my mind. Being a student, i feel like helping them a lot more but i am spoon fed too. But i still help them as much as i can. Those pitiful scenes really pinches my heart and feel like crying for those people. Though tears do not run down my eyes, my heart cries and i wonder that one day this is going to change. I dream that one day those tears will for ocean of happiness and satisfaction. I do hope that my dream will come true.

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Hi, Kathmandu

Vagabonds on open street out Gonna sound vulgar in their shout. The homes and peeps round the road and it was everyone's destiny and code. The things i see as we don't do and i simply guessed its kathmandu. Spice and oil charred on food get an ache everyone should, this and that on open streets Momo and chilly smells, isn't it? Demands rise high then we do, and i got how it's kathmandu. Traffic in the busy road all over hanging, hoarding boards obstacles to walk due to construction materials before buildings because of the open shops in the evening. I'm harassed to see the things they do and it's of course Kathmandu. As the fashion, the package of love most couples date around the pubs. Few days blow with company cheers till one has handsome money. I can't imagine what else they do because it's really Kathmandu. Love flirts and bunking college a dutiful task between colleagues. No way they have good feelings in heart, only wants for the destiny they've thought. I can't accompany and move as they go because it's kathmandu, a deadly vow. Hi kathmand, what's up? take care.

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When Chemistry collide with Physics

Once a chemistry teacher was entering the class, he unfortunately collided with a lady physics teacher. The lady teacher scolded the chemistry teacher,"you Newton, can't you control your velocity? Are you suffered from both myopia and hypermetropia? If so, no any lens would fit you and only microscopic lens would enable you to see the world. Listening to these words, the chemistry teacher become furious at that time and told," first you tried to combine with me to a from covelent bond, so that, your smile will also act as a catalyst" so, i changed in to sodium". The solubility of my heart has increased to dissolve you even in my super saturated heart. The lady teacher screamed," the center of gravity of your heart is unstable and you have high upthrust. Your body has high centripetal mass towards me. By conduction and radiation the heat of your hand, which has specific capacity has transferred on me and has increased my heat capacity." So water present inside my body has changed in to water vapour. If you talk like that i will reduce your frequency of sound in to horse sound. So, if you look at me like that, then due to the absorption of all the rays, you will see black only. The chemistry teacher become so angry and said," you aquaregia! If you shout like that i will change you in to salt and your metal like hair in to coal. You high molecular weight compound, i'll change you in to smallest part of atom. Molecular arrangement of diamond like structure of teeth in to Ruther ford's scattering like model." The lady teacher became quiet, silent and told," the angle of incidence you made with me was greater than the critical angle, so instead of getting total internally reflected of your body, how did you collide with me? The chemistry teacher told," there is your fault also, if you talk like that then in presence of suitable reagent like pt in office, the substitution and reduction reaction will occur and you would be out of the valance shell of our college. The anger of lady teacher has crossed her resistance. She then scold, if you produce a sound again, then according to the Flemings hand rule, my four fingers act as radioactive gun and your magnetic attraction like feelings in to a, b,g,and you will be at hell dancing with skeleton. You will be so far that Newton's law of gravitation will not affect you.

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Man Made Black Hole Eats Earth

It is not surprising for one to listen that there is a black hole in the that can engulf any celestial body even galaxies and furthermore. But it is hard to believe that men have unknowingly attempted in creating black hole hereby on earth. Many scholars and scientists of the world are nowadays rocked by the news that a giant particle accelerator meant for smashing protons together outside Geneva might produce a black hole that will spell the end of the earth and may be the universe as a whole. The world's physicists have spent 14 years and $ 8 billion building the large Hardon collide, in which the colliding protons will recreate energies and conditions in a time, as last seen, a trillion in of a second after the big Bang. Researchers are sifting the debris from these primordial recreations for clues to the nature of mass and new forces and symmetries of nature. Scientists from the European center for Nuclear Research, Switzerland, in March 2008, have played down the chances that the collide r could produce among together horrors, a tiny black hole, which they say, could eat the earth. Or it could spit out something called a strangelet that would convert our planet to a shrunken dense dead lump of something called strange matter. Us District court in Honolulu, is constantly restraining orders prohibiting CERN from proceeding with the accelerator until it has produced a safety report and an environment from CERN have built up many propaganda saying that the large Hardon collide r is safe. The possibility that a black hole eats up the earth is too serious a threat to leave it as a matter of argument among crackpots.

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Give me life,i need to survive.

Human beings and the natural world are on a collision course. Human activities inflict harsh and often irreversible damage on the environment and on critical resources. If not checked, many of our current practices put at serious risk the future that we wish for human society and the plant and animal kingdoms, and may so alter the living world that it will be unable to sustain life in the manner that we work. Fundamental changes are urgent if we are to avoid the collision our present course will bring about. The future of our planet is in the balance. Sustainable development can be achieved, but only if irreversible degradation of the environment can be halted in time. The coming years may be crucial. A lots problems will be seen and me myself would not be there to see these all. Human sperm counts in many localities are worrisome low. Many of us suffer from premature hearing loss traceable to excessive noise. We are surrounded by signs of global environmental decline. Every hour we add 10,000 people to our numbers, acting as if there are no such things as carrying capacity and future generations; as if we have learned nothing from the environment failures of earlier civilization. We squander numberless resources unsustainable, acting as if each and every resource is replaceable. We continue to produce plutonium and other long lived poisons, even though we know that nothing on earth can be safely sequestered for millennial. Many similar approaches are available. We can, if we want, have fewer people and more trees. We know that this can be done. We know how it can be done. We know that it ought to be done for our sake, for the sake of our children, and for the shake of other creatures who share this planet with us. What we are still lacking is the wisdom, courage, and compassion to convert this knowledge in to reality. That is why i need of life and i need to survive.

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Mental illness and Addiction in Nepal

A person who lives in harmony with the other persons and can face the strain of the environment is called mentally sound. A person who is physically healthy may be mentally ill. About 1o% the people are mentally ill and 1% severely ill. Loss of sleep(Insomnia), Loss of memory(Amnesia), change of perception, i.e. illusions or delusions. Unreasonable Phobias and Anxiety, Depression and strong feelings of hopelessness, There are 3 major categories of mental illness. Psychosis It is most sever type of mental illness. Such persons are generally called mad. They are not in touch with the reality and do not accept their illness. They do not prefer to make treatment of medication. They also have sudden shift of mood can be violent at time. Neurosis It is a mild type of mental illness. The person knows that he or she if sick and prefers to take treatment. It may include several disorders like anxiety disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, inferiority complex, mode disorder, phobias etc. In Anxiety disorder there is over reactions to stressful events. This may cause tremors, high palpitation, sweating and slight trembling etc. In Obsessive and compulsive disorder the person have irresistible impulse of doing a particular action. The persons may show obsession for cleanliness, dieting or looking young. In Border line personality disorder the person is emotionally unstable and unpredictable. He or she may be highly reactive or irritating. Epilepsy The affected person has convulsion of fits for a short period. There are strong contraction of the jaw muscles and the person may even fall down. The person regains consciousness in a short time. Causes of mental illness are hereditary, deficiency disorder, family atmosphere, injury to the brain, special factors like injustice, wrong judgment etc. Treatment for it are electric shock treatment, psychotherapy, drugs etc. Some important phobias Acrophobia- fear of lights, Algophobia- fear of pain,Heamatophobia- fear of blood, Hydrophobia- fear of water, Mysophobia- fear of contamination,Pyrophobia- fear of fire, Xenophobia- fear of strangers.

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I need of shadow as my love is

That was at the beginning of spring. I spent the whole summer of the Kathmandu without break, and had no time even to think of the family, but the memory of the fair-haired girl remained in my mind all those months; I did not think of her, but it was though her shadow were lying lightly on my soul. I saw a young girl, beautiful, kind, intelligent, fascinating, such a girl as i had never met before in a dream. Luckily or not, there is nothing in our lives that does not come to an end sooner or later. The time came when we had to part. Meanwhile the days were passing. Me myself don't know, how i get her numbers, but it was some interesting when i was phoned first time. I was excited and some nervous. I got good respect that i never forget in the apart of life. She cried over me as she had gone to eat me. Meanwhile the days were passing her mind was changed and she was interested to know me.we were become a friend. I do not know how the love is born. We were saw a lots of dream and promise to be a friend forever. It is some how surprised. We were talked only in phone. I knew all about her except her appearance. Love cannot be bound in certain area. Love arise from the core of heart. Love never see age, sex, caste, face, wealth etc. Love is beginning point of new relation. That i knew from the books. That all happening real in my life. I was quite happy and some strange. My personality had been changed. This all due to the love but i was unknown about it. But one day that all dream and hope mixed in ashes. My eyes were not believe but it was true and my friend become very far with me that i unable to catch her. Only things to know and looking dream is not a love. I learn the lesson from my mistake and activities. I do not know where is my friend and what she is doing? I question with my heart,why u beats so fast when i called the name of my friend. That why i need of shadows as my love is.

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Women societies and their obstetric in Nepal

Many changes have buffeted society over the past several years: the increasing popularity of joint custody as a way for divorced parents to provide for their children; the rising number of wives and mothers in the work force; the apparent decline of reading and writing skills among the young; the increasing number of middle aged people continuing their formal education; the increasing number of unmarried couples living together; the rising number of divorces. The ways of managing childbirth in traditional societies are many and varied; their usefulness stems directly from the fact that they are accepted culturally and collectively so that the mother does not have the psychic burden of reinventing the procedures. Even though the potential catastrophes are alive in the memory of her community and the index of anxiety high, a ritual approach to pregnancy which hems the pregnant women about with taboos and prohibitions helps to make the anxiety manageable. This birth was virtually unattended. In non-technocratic societies, except for remarkable accidents, birth is always attended. Clearly infant and mother mortality is greater in traditional births, but in our anxiety to avoid death we may have destroyed the significance of the experience for the vast majority who live. No one would deny that each infant and particularly every maternal death is a tragedy to be prevented if at all possible, nor that modern obstetric care, which has developed in the hospital setting, has been at least partly responsible for the dramatic decrease in both maternal and perinatal mortality over the past half century. The voice of a few women raised in warning cannot be heard over the humming and throbbing of our machines, which is probably just as well, for if we succeed in crushing all pride and dignity out of child bearing, the population explosion will take care of itself.

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Love, fear and my heart

If we talk about love than it is very hard to explain and defined. Most of the bookish and philosopher had defined the love but it is condition and it cannot be define. It is different to different person. Love have vast meaning and it cannot be bound in single statement. It is mysterious."How love is born," To what extent personal happiness counts in love, all that is uncertain and one can argue about it as one pleases. So far only one incontestable truth has been stated about love. This is a great mystery, everything else that has been written or said about love is not a solution, but only a statement of questions that have remained unanswered. The explanation that would fit one case does not apply to a dozen others, and the very best thing, to my mind, would be to explain every case separately without attempting to generalize. Each case should be individualized, as the doctors says. Perfectly true,i assented. We Nepali who are cultivated have a weakness for these questions that remain unanswered. Love is usually Poeticized, embellished with roses, nightingales, but we Nepali embellish our loves with these fatal questions, and choose the least interesting of them, at that. In Chitwan, when i was a student, there was a girl with whom i loved, a charming creature, and every time i held her in my arms she was thinking about what i would allow her a month for housekeeping and about the price of beef. When we are in love, we never stop asking ourselves whether it is honorable or dishonorable, sensible or stupid, what this love will lead to, and so on. If that is a good thing or not i don't know, but that is a hindrance and a source of dissatisfaction and irritation, of that i am certain. Love cannot be measure nor it can be bound in line. Love never looks caste,face, color, sex, wealth, etc. No one know how love developed and where its Ene. Love arise from core of heart but love have no age. It never end. Most of the people hate it but some of them die for it. The next part of love is fear which arise suddenly with wind. It is very terrible and it might be take our life.

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My hanging T-shirt in jumla

I'm very quite and nervous to say that the things happening in Jumla. It is some interesting and real some how mysterious, some how stupid statement, my hanging t-shirt in jumla. After Christmas i joined the annual trek to view how Jumla is economically linked to the lowland region to the North. Our fellow travelers carried baskets filled with medicine herbs, hashish, hand knit sweaters and blankets to trade in jumla. It was quite hard journey. As we began the steep climb, windswept ridge, a handsome Chhetri women of about 30 turned the tables on us. Where are you going?" she asked- the question we had put to hundred of other many months. Your t-shirt is strange. You are from a distant village," she observed," Did you come on the wind ship i have seen in the sky?" yes," i said, and then she asked a favor that exhibited, poignantly, how small a universe still surrounds many people in the hinterlands of Nepal. As i descended to lower elevations winter gradually lost its grip. The trail passed through a strange forest of skeletal looking sal trees, with scarcely a leaf left on them, and we heard the sound of chooping from several directions. High in the trees women were chooping the few remaining green branches and dropping them to the ground to feed their goats. It was evident that in a few years these people would be bare and eroded. The most of the interesting things to say is apple and orange cultivation. Apple cultivation is popular in Jumla. I found myself walking wide eyed down the middle of a paved street in Jumla absorbing the barrage of new sights, smells, and sounds. I was beside himself at the sight of automobiles and horse- drawn carts. I raced off to buy sweets, dogging pretzels piled on leaf plates. I watched the hill people swarm from to shop in the bazaar. The fast talking merchants, they aung together, buying their cotton cloth from the same dealer, then moving on a aluminum, iron ware, spice and jewelry stalls. Back in our base camp to sumla. We pushed the research project to completion. I had witnessed the round of the seasons and had watched man and nature mesh in the often in hospitable western Himalayas. I had learned much in our 15 months of wandering a foot nearly 2,000 miles through western Nepal, and had gained a deep appreciation of its people. Still my t-shirt is hanging in the garden of Jumla. Please save it.

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My Heart leaps of up

It was the day after Holi, 1982, 8:30 in the evening. I was thirteen. I was sitting alone in the dining room of my apartment in the heart of the city of Pokhara. For more than eight hours that day i performed and supervised difficult work. My eyes were ready for its daily work, that they did in night. Soon i dozed off with my head on my arm on the table. I woke up suddenly when i heard the doorbell ring. Then i heard screaming and shouting of my mum. It was near about 9:30. I rolled down. It was raining lightly as i walked down the steps to the floor. A few cold women stood at their doorways, grimly watching me go. A very small boy waved good bye, and his mother boxed his ears. It was a beautiful April night. I fell surprised some how and be quite as a hatred boy. I was welcomed as a prince, My heart leaps of up. I was out of the village, and over the bridge, and up the hill toward steeplehat wood. It was quite mome
e the mountain sheep, a small, unhappy public house with a thatched roof like a wig with ring worm. The landlord stood at the door to welcome me, simpering like a wolf. He was a long, lean, black fanged man with a greased love curl and pouncing eyes. It was surprised, on the way journey, through the simmering moonsplashed dark, mum began to cook her supper on a primus stove in the middle of the charabance. She coughed herself blue in the smoke. We were sat down to take the food but the different was absent of roof, pots and lovely hand of mum which where hang for me. Her eyes were saying something with the flying moon. I guessed that she was remembering to my dad. But my hands were empty and mouth had no words to explain. We walked slowly in the dark pine shadows, moving a little from side to side in her steps with the balanced heaviness and lightness of a pendulum in a mum clock. She carried a thin, small cane made from an umbrella and with this she kept tapping the frozen earth in front of her reason was an old with her head tied in a red rag. This made a grave and persistent noise in the still air, that seemed meditative, like the chirping of a solitary little bird. I was not real son, i had been adopted and nurtured as a real son. In that meditative world i was forget to ask about my real world also her love were banned to ask. But i was selfish. She worked straight ahead. Her eyes were blue with age. Her skin had a patter all its own of numberless branching wrinkles and as through a whole little tree stood in the middle of her forehead, but a golden color ran underneath, and the two knobs of her cheeks were illuminated by a yellow burning under the dark. Under the red ray her hair came down on her neck in the frailest of ringlets, still black, and with an odor like copper. Now and then there was a quivering in the thicket. She said,"out of my way, all you foxes, owls, beetles, jack rabbit, coons, and wild animals keep the big wild hogs out of my path. Don't let none of those come running my direction. I got a longs way. I was surprised again. We were crossed pine mountain and oak mountain and again pine mountain. We were fell tired and our skin demanded for rest. But we were disagree. I was my first experience might be mum. Now and then we reached in desert but it was quite different desert there cottage and huts where with wind and dust. Least plants were found but there was source of water. mum cried and said,"we were got our destination. Again i was surprised and got the season of journey that we migrates. I knew that our Town was in disaster. Now i am thirty and i am respected every where. But i can't forget of my mum gift. Here every things is changed and my heart leaps of up.

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NEPAL AFTER TEN YEAR

Nepal our great Nepal, know for peace and country of God and Godess has left it's influence and glory over the world which gives the whole a matter of thinking and sight. Nepal that deserves its own political, historical,geagraphical, cultural, social, religious significances and back ground had suffered various ups and downs, crossed various political instabilities unexpected, difficult circumstances. Present Nepal and Nepalese people are the outcome of their own struggle that had underwent suffering from cruel Ranas, various disasters, scarcity and deplorable condition. Nepal, a country of various possibilities and chances, can be one of the unique and strange country in the world if it is administered smoothly and systematically. It' very difficult to predict the situation of Nepal after 10 years. But having the glance over its present condition and it various possibilities, we can simply imagine guess and can form a sketch of Nepal after 10 years in our mind that may be either in excellence stage or worst stage. This is very good news for Nepal and their citizen that they are going to emerge in every sector of development. Their dream is going to be proceed. The present condition and the hard work of Nepalese gives the symbol of great change and choclates of great evolution. In every mind of Nepaleses dreaming the day after 10 years with hope of shine and light. In every mind of Nepalese is that Nepal will not rule for limit field of development but it's going to rule in every field and sector of development where world will see the embrance of greatness. The number of country(people from other country) migrates here and pay the tax further using of things. Nepal will be the shelter of refuge and other people who where affected by othe disasture. Road and transport will run in every corner of country and labour will have their own personality. They will get physically rest but mentally busy. People where full of creative, skilled and sensative. They will have full of freedom and able of thinking for new ideas. Scienctist where busy for new invention and country will run on remote. Nepal have their own settlite. Nepal will count in industrial and developed country would come here to take sign for their improvement in business.Every Nepalese where free from disease. Nepal would become as beauty as heaven and every Nepalese where angel of it. Nepal will be wounder after 10 years.

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AIDS is the burning problem of Nepal

AIDS(Acquired Immuno deficiency Syndrome)is one of the threatening and burning problems of Nepal. Due to the AIDS lots of people died every year in Nepal. Total death of people in Nepal is 50,000 while in the world more than 25 millions. AIDS is sexually transmitted disease and its mainly transmits through unsafe sexual contact with heterosexual partner. If we discuss the present condition of Nepal than it is very worse in every sector of development. Mostly child adopting western cultures. They are involves in drugs addiction. Poverty is the other problems of Nepal. If we talk about education than it is also not so good. Most of the people are illiterate and unhealthy. People of Nepal migrates to other country, mainly neighboring country (India) and they carry the gift from there as AIDS. First case detected in Nepal 1998. The number of HIV AIDS people increasing day by day in Nepal. The main cause of this is poverty, illiterate, drugs addiction, adopting western culture,poor strict rule,of government, interest in blue films, etc. The other source of infection is person suffering from HIV(Human immuno deficiency virus) AIDS. The causative agent are HIV-1 and HIV-2 which where contains single str.RNA virus which belongs to Retrovirus family which contains Revers transcriptase enzymes. Mode of transmission of HIV AIDS through mucus membrane(mainly genital mucosa), through cut in skin, crack in skin, sharing of needles, through body fluids containing HIV AIDS are bloods, semen, vaginal secretion, breast milk, amniotic fluids. The oretically saliva can also transmit the HIV AIDS but till now not seen any case in Nepal or in the world. The common routes of spreads of HIV AIDS are, unprotected sexual contact, HIV AIDS can transmits more in homosexual than heterosexual. But more case in heterosexual found in Nepal. There is 0.01 to 1% chance of transmission of HIV AIDS through unprotected sexual contact in Nepal. HIV AIDS also transmits through sharing of needles and transfusion of blood and its product. It have maximum possibility to transmits the HIV AIDS in Nepal. Mother can transmits to her baby during feeding, pregnancy, during delivery. HIV enter inside the human body and it destroy helper T-lymphocytes due to which patient becomes immuno compromised which invites opportunible disease and death is occurs. CD4 cells play role in maintenance of body immunity. AIDS is transmits stage of disease in which the patient presents with opportunistic disease like TB, Pheumonia, oral and vaginal ulcers. Most of the investigation like ELISH test, detection of antibody against HIV in blood, western blood test which is also known as confirmatory test, this detect viral proteins, HIV AIDS is not the completely curable disease but he life of patient can be prologed by using following drugs, zidoludine, lamivodine, neuirapine. The highly active Anti-retrovial therapy distributed free of cost by government of Nepal.

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THEORIES OF ORGANIC EVOLUTION

From time to time, various theories have been proposed to explain the mechanism of origin and evolution of new species. These include: LAMARCKISM Environment effect J.B. de Lamarck (1744-1829), a French naturalist, who introduced the word biology. He proposed the theory of 'Inheritance of Acquired Characters' in his book entitled Philosophic Zoologique. He was of the view that: Effect of use and disuse organ: Environment influences change of characters of and organism due to change in their needs e.g., in dry soil, the root system of a plant becomes more extensive than in wet soil; plants grown in shade develop larger leaves than those grown in open etc. Constantly used organs become highly developed and modified in response to needs,while those disused result in to degeneration. Lamarck cited the example of evolution of Giraffe, presumably from the ancestors having equal sized fore and hind limbs and a short neck. The Giraffe lived in African deserts, which have no vegetation except a few trees. Their continued efforts through many generation for getting food from high up foliage, resulted in to longer fore legs and much elongated neck. Similarly, the absence of limbs in snakes and presence of vestigial organs in animals have been explained by Lamarck on the basis of their disuse. Finally, the modifications which an organism acquires during its life time, gets inherited by its offsprings.

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ORGANIC EVOLUTION

Concept of evolution was given by Empedocle and Buffon. Trend of evolution was first explained by Lamarck. Lamarck: Father of evolutionary theories. Evolution means: Gradual change from simple to complex forms with the passage of time. Organic evolution of living beings. Term organic evolution is given by Herbert Spencer. Organic evolution can be defined as:' Adaptations through generations'. Inorganic evolution: Means evolutions of Non-living things eg. evolution of rivers, rocks, Mountains etc. Evolution is defined as historical and developmental race of organisms with variation. The main theme of evolution is Descent with modification i.e. docterine of desires. Biological meaning of evolution is gradual changes. The process of evolution is continuous but very slow, taking place even now. Main postulates of organic evolution are: Earlier organism were simpler. They gradually changed in to complex organisms. They are inter related because of common origin. They have common shelter and environment. Evolution is generally slow, continuous, irreversible and progressive. For evolution the most important requirement is variation. The ultimate source of organic evolution is mutation. The evolution of any species can be considered as a sum total of the species Adaptive changes preserved by natural selection. One of the most important factors of the development of a new species is the geographical isolation.

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Tuberculosis is a great problems of Nepal

It is a communicable chronic granulomatous disease. It is cosmopolitan in distribution. It is common in cigarette smoking tobacco chewing. It usually involves the lungs but may affect any organ or tissue in to the body. It is a very serious chronic bacterial disease. It is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is common in areas with unhygienic conditions. It parasite attacks lungs so called pulmonary tuberculosis. It includes meningitis, millary tuberculosis and involvement of bones and joints, lymph nodes, kidneys, intestine, larynx or skin. It attacks all age group but epidemics have been reported among mine workers, factory, garments and children in crowded classroom. It transmites patient with open lesions, air borne route, by the throat and nasal discharges of infected man, bovine tuberculosis result from tuberculous course and ingestion of unpasteurized of milk and their products. It incubation period is about 4 to 6 weeks. Serious manifestations develop, coughing,, chest pain, bloody sputum, low grade fever and sweating in the day and at night, loss of body weight, fatigue, hoarseness of voice etc. Diagnosis by roentgenogram is confirmed by demonstration of Tubercle bacilli in sputum or gastric washing, by stained smear, concentration and culture or animal inoculation. Treatment in order to avoid multi drug resistant TB, ministry of health has launched DOTS. It is based on six factors; rest, diet, drugs, surgery, rehabilitation and health education. Combination of antimicrobial drugs: Isoniazid, Streptomycin continued for one or more years. Prevention are isolation of TB patient, avoid smoking and working in dust, burning and buried of coughing and BCG vaccination protection.

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TYPHOID is being killer be careful

Typhoid is a bacterial disease characterized by a continued classical fever. It is world wide i.e. cosmopolitan in distribution. Due to poor sanitation. It is caused by bacillus bacterium called Salmonella typhi. It is commonly found in intestine of man, so typhoid fever is also called enteric fever. It mainly attacks in 1-15 years age group each year of 20% people. Typhoid fever is a protracted disease featuring bacteremai(first week). Widespread reticuloendothelial involvement with splenomegaly and foci of necrosis in the liver(second week). Ulceration of peyer patches with intestinal bleeding and ulceration (third week). Gall bladder colonization produces a chronic carrier state. Chronic infection also may affect the joints, bones, meninges and other sites. The causative agent is Salmonella typhi. This species is a major cause and common source of enterocolitis, producing localized mucosal disease in the ileum and colon. S. typhimurium is the archetypal organisms that invades peyer patches and produces local ulceration over massively enlarged lymphoid tissue. Life threatening systemic illness is the hallmark of S.typhi, where by small intestinal invasion leads to systemic dissemination. It transmites with direct and indirect contact with patient, with product of vehicles spread and contaminated food and water, raw fruits and vegetables, milk and milk product,beef, eggs and poultry. It incubation period is variable, average 2 weeks, usual ranges 1-3 weeks. Diagnosis is widal test come positive during second week. Treatment is antibiotics like Ampicillin and Chloramphencol. Prevention for it is protection, purification and chlorination of public water supplies, sanitary disposal of human excreta, screening and spraying insecticides, boiling of milk and dary products,health education,immunization,etc.

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Tobacco Smoking is being culture, nowadays in Nepal

Red Indians first started tobacco smoking in America. Sources of Tobacco Tobacco, whether smoked or chewed, causes addiction due to the presence of Nicotine. Tobacco is the dried leaves of the plant Nicotiana tobacum and Nicotiana rustica. Nicotine is the substance that causes addiction to tobacco. Smoke also contains carbon-mono-Oxide, polycyclic hydrocarbon like N-nitroso-dimethylene,Tar etc. Effects of Tobacco The polycyclic hydrocarbons are carcinogenic. The smoking produces Emphysema and bronchitis. In Emphysema the respiratory surface in the lungs is reduced due to degeneration of separation of alveoli. The N-nitroso-dimethylene is a carcinogen and cause lung cancer. About 95% of lung cancer-patients are smokers. Out of 10% smoke inhaled, only 1% is finally absorbed, and the addiction, therefore, takes a long time. The teeth are stained and bad breath causes discomfort to the others. Mouth cancer is commonly found among tobacco chewers. Nicotine is a stimulant and makes the condition of nerve impulse faster. It also causes tachycardia(Heart beat¡) and increase the secretion of adrenaline. In pregnant cowmen nicotine causes retardation of the growth of the foetus.

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Alcoholism be aware,near to the death

Alcoholic beverages are of two types: Fermented;e.g. Beer, Toddy and wine(Red or White). These beverages have low percentage (5-10%) of alcohol. Distilled Beverages; e.g. Rum, Whisky,Vodka, Gin and Brandy etc. Their alcohol content is around 40% or above. Ethyl alcohol is a colourless liquid produced from the fermentation of carbohydrates by Yeast. In medicine, alcohol is used as an antiseptic and a solvent. Effects of Alcohol The alcohol consumed in distilled beverage is ethyl alcohol. It is analgesic, anesthetic and sedative (depressant). Alcohol reduces sugar level in the blood. The effect of alcohol on the central nervous system (Brain and spinal cord) is as depressant. It reduces BP by causing dilation of blood vessels. The prolonged used of alcohol produces Hypertension and Coronary heart disease. It stimulates acid secretion in stomach and causes gastritis and peptic ulcers. Alcohol increases urine output by decreasing the secretion of ADH(anti duiretic hormone). Heavy drinks become dehydrated. Thirst, dry tongue and hangover are associated with effect of alcohol. The main target organ of alcohol is liver. In liver alcohol changes in to acetaldehyde which is utilize by the hepatic cell for energy production. Fatty acid start accumulating and fatty liver syndrome develops. The fibrous tissue makes liver inactive, and the cracks develop. This condition of liver damage is known as Cirrhosis. William shakespeare commented on the effects of alcohol on sexual behavior. It provokes the desire but it takes a was performance. It is a social evil and involves lot of expenditure. The inhibitions in the society are diminished and person may start anti social activities.

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Human Diseases(Introduction)

Drug Abuse It is a physical and mental(psychological) dependence on drugs.Such drugs are habit formation and in most of the case the drawl is difficult. The chemicals which alter the functioning of the body is called drugs. The drugs which affect the nervous system are called psychotropic drugs. These can be divided in to two broad categories. Narcotics: They are depressants and decrease the activity of nervous system. Stimulants: They increases the activity of nervous system. They psychotropic drug on the basis of their action can be divided in to 4 groups. Sedatives and tranquillizers: e.g . Barbiturates(used in sleeping pills), Valium, Diazepam. They depress the nervous activity and produce relaxation and calmness. They are anti anxiety drugs. They sedative cause drowsiness and induce sleep. The tranquillizers are mood elevators and reduce tension. They do not induce sleep. Opiate narcotics:e.g. Opium, Morphine, Pathedine and Heroin etc. They are also depressants and are the derivative of opium which is obtained from the pods of poppy plants. They do not induce sleep but are used for their analgesic effect. The addicted perso develops euphoria. Heroine has been completely banned. It is 20 times more potent than opium. Heroine causes physical dependence and the withdrawal symptoms are fits and convulsion etc. Morphine is 10% more potent than Opium. The brown sugar is also a morphine derivative. Atropine, obtained from the leaves of Atropa belladona, is used by Opthalmologists to dialate the pupil and paralyze the accommodation. If given internally, it is antagonistic to Morphine and opium. A homeopathic medicine Belladona is also obtained from the roots and leaves of this plant and has strong affect on nervous system. Stimulants: e.g. Amphetamines, cocaine, caffeine, Methamphetamine. Hallucinogens: e.g. bhang, Charas, Ganja, Marijauna and LSD ETC.

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Classification of organisms

Two Kingdom system

Biologists divided the living world in to two kingdom: Plants and Animals. The two kingdom system of classification was also given by Linnaeus in 1758 and worked well for a long time.

Three kingdom system

A German biologist Ernst Haeckel (1866) suggested a third kingdom Protista. He included unicellular protozoa and algae in it.

Four kingdom system
Four kingdom was developed by Copeland (1956). They are Monera, Protista, Plantae and Animalia. Monera includes Prokaryotes (bacteria and blue algae).

Five Kingdom System

An American ecologist Robert H. Whittaker proposed that fungi differ enough from other microorganisms to justify calling them a separate kingdom. This led to a five kingdom scheme of classification comprising Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia.

Five kingdom classification based on:
- Complexity of cell.
- complexity of organisms
- mode of nutrition and
- major ecological role.
Whittaker scheme is still widely accepted as a logical classification of living things.

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History of Classification

Aristotle(384-322), the Greek philosopher, known as father of zoology made the first recorded attempt to classify the animals in his book Historia Animalium. Aristotle made two group: Anaima (animals with no red blood, invertebrates) and Enaima (animals with red blood, vertebrates). Enaima was further divided in to Ovipara and vivipara. John Ray, the naturalist was first to introduce and define the term Animal species. John Ray also developed the key for identification of animals. Linnaeus also recognized that different species could be grouped in to broader categories based on shared characteristics. Any grouping of organisms that shares a particular set of characteristics forms an assemblage called taxo. The term systematic, taxonomy and biologial classification are often used as synonyms. The term systematic was coined by Carolus Linnaeus in 1735. Taxonomy is the study of the principles and procedures of classification. The term taxonomy was proposed by the French botanist August Candolle for the theory of plant classification.

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Chemical Origin of life

Oparin(1922), a Russian bio-chemist opined that complex organic compound like carbohydrates, fatty acids, glycerol, aminoacids and proteins. These complex compounds resulted from the simple compounds under the influence of ultraviolet rays, ionizing radiations, electric charges and heat. Primitive stage of the sea water was called hot dilute soup by Haldane(1928)as it was rich in amino acids, fats and carbohydrates. Coacervates are the large organic molecules which were synthesized abiotically on primitive earth. Due to intemolecular attraction they formed large colloidal aggregates. They were capable of growth and division. Sydney fox(1964) called them microsphere and Oparin named them coacervates. Fox bye his experiments demonstrated the formation of proteinoids. There was then gradual origin of macromolecules(polymers) including nucleic acid, followed by origin of Genetic code and finally the giant molecules of nucleoproteins. These giant molecules could be compared to the presents day viruses and were termed as protovirus(The first living form). The first life appeared in marine water was called protovirus or eobiont or protobiont. It was anaerobic and chemoheterotrophic.

Miller and Urey
The theory of chemical evolution of life has been evidenced by the experiments of Miller and Urey. They provide the formation of carbohydrate and amino acids from a mixture of CH4, NH3, and H2o under the influence of electric discharges experiment about one week. The ratio of gaseous mixture in miller experiment was 2:1:2 (CH4, NH3 and H2).

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Biological Evolution (Oparin)

He suggested that the giant molecules must have undergone various types of combination forming the complex masses, so called coacervates. The enzymes have developed before the cells. Gradually, the gene aggregates because surrounded by enzymes which formed the cytoplasm. These enzymes could have combined the nitrogen bases, simple sugar and phosphates in to the nucleotides. Nucleotides might have combined to form DNA and RNA. The nucleoproteins marked the beginning of life. Formation of nucleoproteins is the most important event in the origin of life. Some protein fatty acids organized around the coacervates to form the surface membrane.

Some of it proteins differentiated in to enzymes. These processes must have culminated in the origin of ever first living cells. Many of the biologists do believe that life originated in sea. The first cell like structure were called eobionts or pre cell. Oparin called them Protobionts. These were perhaps similar to mycoplasma which gives rise to Monerans and protista. Monerans included prokaryotes like bacteria and cyanobacteria. The protesta gave rise to Eukaryotes that evolved in to protozoa,metazoa and metaphyta. then came up the saprophytes, chemosynthesizers and finally the photosynthesizers. This provides plenty of free oxygen to the primitive atmosphere leading to the evolution of aerobic mode of respiration.

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Origin of life

life is an inherent capacity that an organism posses to maintain and reproduce itself. most of the ideas on the origin of life fall in to either of the following four theories:

Theory of special creation

proposed by a Spanish monk, Father Saurez.This theory assumes that life was created by some supernatural power, beyond the analytic capacity of physics and chemistry. According to Christianity the Bible states that the creator formed all living organisms with in six natural days. Materia prima on first day, plants on the third day,fish and fowl on fourth day and animals including man on fifth day. according to Hindu mythology Brahma created various forms of life on one stroke. Manu and Shradha were first man and women on the earth.

Cosmozoic Theory or Theory of Panspermia

This theory is proposed by Richter and Arrhenius. The life in the form of resistant spores called panspermia reached to the earth accidentally from other planets and developed in to organisms.

Theory of Abiogenesis (Spontaneous Generation)

Von Helmont proposed that life in the form of simple organisms originated spontaneously from non living substances. Anaximander proposed the air as sole cause of life. Von Helmont proposed that mice will be developed when human sweat and wheat are kept together for 21 days. Like wise insects from dew, butterflies from the cheese and moggots from the decaying meat.

Theory of Biogenesis

This theory is proposed by Francesco Redi provided major set back to the Theory of Abiogenesis. On the basis of experiments, Redi concluded that flies arise only from the eggs laid down by parent flies, i. e, life can arise only from preexisting life. Louis Pasteur also supported theory of biogenesis through swan necked flask experiment and put forward by Redi. he succeeded in disapproving the spontaneous generation theory because he was ingenious in drawing out the neck of glass flasks so as to provide access of air but not to micro organisms. Pasteur was famous for germ theory of disease and immunology.

Modern Theory of origin of life

Proposed by Haeckel and evidence by the brilliant works of Oparin , Halden as well miller and Urey. The modern theories state that life arose on the early earth by series of progressive biochemical reaction. The entire process presumably involves the following sequence of events.

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Origin of earth

The age of earth has been computed to be about 4.6 billion years. The earth was initially supposed to have originated as a result of collapse and condensation of the interstellar clouds of gases and the dust, so called nebula. The present hypothesis proposed by Holy and Lyttleton (1939) suggested in to be a part broken off from the sun. It was though that: Originally the earth was a fiery spinning ball of hot gases, and vapours of various elements. The temperature was so high(about 5000-6000). The elements like hydrogen, oxygen, carbon and nitrogen could not exist in free state, rather they combined variously to form oxides, carbides, and nitrides. Water and ammonia were probably the first compound molecules of primitive earth. Hydrogen combine with oxygen, nitrogen and carbon forming water, ammonia, methane, and cyanides. The temperature being very high, the various compounds existed in gaseous state, while water occurred as superheated steam. This constituted the primitive atmosphere of the primitive earth. With the gradual decrease in temperature, the gases must have been changed into liquid and then in to solids , whereas steam must have condensed in to water, ultimately resulting into rains. The rains on reaching the superheated earth immediately evaporated to the atmosphere. The repeated rain cycle for millions of years resulted in to gradual but ultimate cooling of the earth surface and formation of large water bodies like oceans and seas.

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Introduction of science

Science is derived from Latin word Scientia, means to know(knowledge). science is an organized and dynamic knowledge about natural phenomena with reference to various object of nature. scientific knowledge is based on repeatable observations, experimentation and interference derived from the same. science deals with natural phenomena. The various branches of science are called natural science. The scientific extension of human curiosity has given birth to the science of Biology.

Natural science
It is of two types;Physical and Biological

Physical science are branches of organized knowledge which are connected with structures, phenomena and forces of the non-living world.


biological or life science are branches of organized knowledge which deal with structure materials and forces of living beings.

Biology:The term biology is derived from Greek words bios logos. Bios,means life and logos means discourse.The science which deals with the study of structure, organization, life processes, interactions, origin and evolution and other aspects of living creatures is called biology. The term biology is synonym with the term life sciences or biological sciences.Aristotle is called father of Biology and Zoology. Term biology is given by Lamarck and Treviranus. A scientific approach in Biology includes; observation, formulation, of hypothesis, testing of hypothesis and development of theory. we study biology to understand ourselves better o meet our needs, to solve problems, out of curiosity, to get food, clothing and shelter, to maintain ecosystem and to conserve our nature resource etc. Biological science has been divided in to zoology and Botany.

Zoology:Zoology is the branch of biology in which we study or become familiar with the facts of animals life.
Botany:Botany is also know as phytology which deals with about plants.


Microbiology:It is a third branch of biology which deals with simpler, microscopic organisms.

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Environment of my surrounding

The term environment is related with our surrounding. Environment means the surrounding in which we live. The elements of our environment are sun, light, air, smoke, soil etc. In the case present time our environment is being polluted. Man is the main cause of this pollution. man is both construction and destruction for our environment. man plays great role in construction. there is interrelationship between man and environment. In the both case if one is effected then both have to suffer from great problem. Due to the daily activities and mischief human beings our environment being get polluted. If we were not take care of it in time then our surrounding and their elements get polluted and it shows great impact on living beings.

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